Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People

Recognize the present enactment, rules, arrangements and methods for protecting the government assistance of youngsters and youngsters including e-wellbeing. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 †which guarantee that kids are sheltered and taken care of, youngsters reserve the option to be shielded from all types of physical or mental brutality, injury or misuse, disregard, careless treatment, abuse or misuse including sexual maltreatment by those taking care of them.Children act 1989 Parents and experts must work to guarantee the wellbeing of the kid. This demonstration incorporates two significant areas : Section 47 states that the nearby authority has an obligation to research in the event that they have cause to presume a kid that lives or is found in their general vicinity is enduring or liable to endure huge damage. Segment 17 expresses that administrations must be set up by nearby position to protect the government assistance of the youngsters ins ide their zone who need it.The Education Act 2002 This sets out the duties of Local Education Authorities (LEAs), Governing bodies, head educators and every one of those working in schools to guarantee that kids are sheltered and liberated from hurt. Youngsters Act 2004 This gives the legitimate system to Every Child Matters. It incorporates the prerequisite for: †¢Services to work all the more intently, shaping a coordinated help. a typical appraisal system to help the early distinguishing proof of need †¢a shared database of data which is applicable to the wellbeing and government assistance of kids †¢Earlier support for guardians who encountering issues. Cooperating to Safeguard Children 2006 This sets out the obligations of associations and how they should cooperate to shield kids and youngsters. E-wellbeing 2008 The board has delivered a system to expand the attention to web security. Set out measures to shield kids from inadmissible destinations and set up codes of training. Protecting the Welfare of Children and Young People Task 008 Safeguarding the government assistance of kids and youngsters Task A 1. Recognize a present national bit of enactment pertinent to defending youngsters and youthful people’s government assistance. Joined Nations Convention on the privileges of a kid. 2. Distinguish two current neighborhood strategies, methods or direction according to defending the government assistance of youngsters and youngsters. Youngster Protection Policy and Health and Safety Policy. 3. Complete the accompanying table with two models. Organization nameRole of the office (engaged with safeguarding(in own work setting) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Children and youngsters) Children and Young People Portfolio Advice and backing in regards to (social Services) kid misuse. _________________________________________________________ Early Intervention Advisory Team Supporting a child’s singular needs and working nearby key laborers. 4. Complete the accompanying table. Kinds of kid abuseList 3 qualities for each â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Type of youngster misuse PhysicalBruises in peculiar spots, cuts Burns/singes â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- EmotionalWithdrawn, stammering/faltering, acting entirely unexpected to ordinary. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- SexualItching/torment in gentile zone, wetting/ruining themselves, improper play with toys/dolls â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- NeglectDirty, continually drained, malnourished BullyingWithdrawn, discovering pardons not to go to class, requesting cash. 5. Complete the accompanying table. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Concerns that a partner isGive a portrayal of the move to make accordingly. Neglecting to go along wit hReport concerns straight away â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ Safeguarding proceduresto the supervisor/assigned individual. On the off chance that the associate is the chief/assigned individual then the representative must be educated. Hurting, mishandling orReport concerns straight away Bullying a youngster orto the chief/assigned Young individual. individual. In the event that the partner is the supervisor/assigned individual at that point report to the appointee administrator and trustees. 6. Depict the standards and limits of secrecy and when to share data. By and large the death of data is normal, identifying with the child’s day by day care and needs.Other than this all records and data given by the guardians is kept bolted away and just made accessible to set up working intimately with the youngster concerned. Data on kid security issues might be imparted to other staff on a need to know premise. This need to realize pr emise alludes to outside organizations in the event that they become included. Guardians reserve the options to see the records on their youngsters whenever mentioned. In the event that guardians uncover any private data to an individual from staff they should be informed that the data will be imparted to the supervisor while guaranteeing them that it won't be talked about outside the nursery setting.There are no conditions where divulgence of kid misuse will be kept classified. Task 008 Safeguarding the government assistance of kids and youngsters Task B 2. Produce a five point activity intend to follow if a youngster is experiencing any or the entirety of the accompanying sign and manifestations: Severe cerebral pain, feeling queasy, raised temperature, affectability to light, raised rash or spots. Moves to make 1. Check temperature 2. Check for rash, spots, photophobia 3. Ring emergency vehicle 4. Ring guardians/carer 5. Move to a tranquil region away from other youngsters. 3. Co mplete the accompanying table demonstrating what moves to make in an emergency.Fire in case of a fire dial 999. The staff will clear the kids discreetly and smoothly to the get together point. The administrator/agent will gather the crisis contact list, guests register, staff register and cell phone (on the off chance that it is protected to do as such). The senior individual in each room will watch that there are no kids in the shroud rooms or toilets and guarantee windows and entryways are shut (if in no impending peril) and take the register with them. At the get together point youngsters, staff and guests are checked against the registers to guarantee nobody is missing.Never reemerge the structure except if you have been cleared to do as such by the fire administrations. Security episode Politely welcome the interloper, recognize yourself and solicit the reason from their visit. Clarify that all guests must sign in. On the off chance that the gatecrasher gets disturbed and won't leave the structure calmly, attempt to quiet them while an associate calls the police. Kids ought to be moved to a room uttermost from the gatecrasher and diverted by staff and will remain there until the police show up. Disclose to the police what has occurred so they can manage the intruder.If the individual leaves before the police show up don't keep them. Make sure to log any occurrences and survey all safety efforts. Missing kids or youngster As soon as a kid has disappeared the administrator must be told right away. The rest of the youngsters are moved to one live with suitable number of staff, remaining staff will look through the zone the kid was most recently seen for a limit of 5 minutes. Illuminate the baby school and compose a quest of school reason for 10 minutes with all accessible staff. Following a limit of 15 minutes the child’s guardians/carers and crisis administrations are reached. Shielding the Welfare of Children and Young People Task 008 Safeguarding the government assistance of youngsters and youngsters Task A 1. Distinguish a present national bit of enactment pertinent to defending kids and youthful people’s government assistance. Joined Nations Convention on the privileges of a kid. 2. Distinguish two current nearby strategies, methodology or direction according to defending the government assistance of kids and youngsters. Kid Protection Policy and Health and Safety Policy. 3. Complete the accompanying table with two models. Organization nameRole of the office (engaged with safeguarding(in own work setting) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Children and youngsters) Children and Young People Portfolio Advice and backing in regards to (social Services) kid misuse. _________________________________________________________ Early Intervention Advisory Team Supporting a child’s singular needs and working close by key laborers. 4. Complete the accomp anying table. Sorts of kid abuseList 3 attributes for each â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Type of youngster misuse PhysicalBruises in bizarre spots, cuts Burns/singes â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- EmotionalWithdrawn, stammering/faltering, acting very surprising to ordinary. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- SexualItching/torment in gentile zone, wetting/ruining themselves, unseemly play with toys/dolls â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- NeglectDirty, continually drained, malnourished BullyingWithdrawn, discovering pardons not to go to class, requesting cash. 5. Complete the accompanying table. â€â€â€

Law Term Paper Topics

Law Term Paper Topics A research project suggests †that you have read for a particular term, and have acquired enough information regarding the matter, enough to compose a research project, and fuse the got information and include extra data got by singular training and individual research. A law research project is one of the most confused research projects there is, as in a law research project you should be approached to compose explicit things instructed during the semester. All together for an understudy to have the option to compose a decent law research project on any point †he should utilize 100% data gave during class just as actualize totally creative information from different books, diaries, distributions. In the event that that appears to be unimaginable †there are constantly custom research project composing administrations, for example, CustomWritings.com for you to arrange a law research project and disregard composing it. Utilizing custom composing administrations is a simple and compelling approach to maintain a strategic distance from issues with your law research paper. Utilizing a CustomWritings.com is simple and helpful, as you should simply give clear and reasonable directions to composing the law research paper and conceivable law research project points you might want the essayist to browse. On the off chance that you have figured out how to achieve all that †completing a paper is just a short time. On the off chance that you wish to compose the paper yourself †you will without a doubt need a direction or the like, to comprehend what is anticipated from you, and to compose a suitable law research project. The entire law research paper composing procedure can be isolated into a few phases. In these stages you need to: 1. Reconsider all that you have picked up during the instruction procedure. This is by a long shot the most significant stage, as here you need to recollect all that you have learnt over the semester and sort thing out a particular way which you will use in the law research paper 2. Pick a fitting law research paper subject. Point may fluctuate, however be cautious no to pick a simple theme. In the event that you do that †the teacher may have a thought that you are attempting to pass his course with least exertion. There are a huge number of law research paper point models over the web. Take a stab at utilizing one of those points, however be mindful so as not to appropriate anything, as you can without much of a stretch get in a difficult situation with the scholastic organization. 3. Gather obligatory data, extra material, hotspots for composing the law research paper. Continuously record the sources you have utilized. Referencing and reference is obligatory. On the off chance that you neglect to do so †you should clarify your educator why your paper has had all the earmarks of being appropriated. 4. Defining the exploration speculation, narrowing the law research project point to a particular angle he might want to examine in your law research paper. There is nothing more awful then an unclear research project. Attempt to be explicit as could be expected under the circumstances, and attempt to incorporate however many models as could be expected under the circumstances. 5. Build up a quality and nitty gritty layout, which will assist you with organizing the data and compose a fantastic book to the law research paper. 6. Compose the main draft of the law research project and play out a basic investigation. A while later you have to change and make alterations. 7. Print the last duplicate of your paper. On the off chance that an understudy will have the option to follow these basic stages †he certainly will compose a decent law research paper and demonstrate to his educator Ð µÃ±â‚¬Ã° µ he acquires some information and can apply it in a suitable field. Here is a rundown of the most well known law article subjects: 1. European Supremacy Law 2. The intricate relationship of UK law and European Law has given UK litigantsâ access to lawful cures in a wide assortment of circumstances further outlining the broad effect of the previous legitimate framework on the last mentioned 3. Reasoning of Law 4. Global Law and the Gender fairness standard 5. Global Treaties in Australian Domestic Law 6. Aquinas and Aristotle’s View of Law 7. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act 8. How a Bill Becomes a Law 9. Law and Morality 10. Megans Law in Australia 11. Assess the degree to which the English law of agreement tends to imbalance of dealing power 12. Business Law Sexual Orientation 13. Where does the stimulus for law change come fromand which bodies could change the law? 14. Slander Law on the Internet 15. Law of E-Commerce 16. The lowest pay permitted by Law 17. EU Law: Educational association and arrangement are not as such remembered for the circles which the Treaty 18. Competitive innovation Law 19. Law Relating To Children 20. History of Constitutional Law 21. Assess Parliament as a Lawmaker 22. Wellsprings of EC Law 23. Copyright Laws In Canada 24. The Mandatory Seat Belt Law 25. How successful is universal law in managing military clash?

What is Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT)

What is Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT) No matter in which industry you are working, your biggest concern must be customer satisfaction. Whether you are only starting your business, or you are already a successful businessman, you must be aware of the importance of your stakeholders.This goes to every person or a party that’s responsible for enabling your organization or company to do business successfully, but also the most important one â€" customers. If the customers aren’t satisfied, it won’t matter to anyone how good your product or service actually is, since they will lack trust in you.A good voice is widely heard, but bad one even more â€" thats why every successful company invests in measuring and tracking customer satisfaction, all with an aim of finding the area that can be improved, and therefore the customer satisfaction higher.The only challenge is that there are various types of tests and tools for measuring customer satisfaction, so the question is which one is the best?Further, we will cover everythi ng you need to know about Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT) and why it would be a good thing for you to use.WHAT IS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SCORE?Customer satisfaction score is a methodology used to determine customer satisfaction. Usually, it consists of a short survey that customers fill in, answering questions regarding the recent event or contact they had with the company.This survey can take many different forms, but the main goal is to ask the customer to rate their experience on a scale ranging from bad to good and great.Questions can vary from “How would you rate your experience with us?” to “How much did we fulfill your expectations?” and beyond, followed by a couple choices such as bad, okay, good, great.Bear in mind that the questions and choices should be thoughtfully chosen to make it accessible to customers to accurately express their impression after interacting with your company since there are many perceptions of the same question or statement.Customer Satisf action Score (CSAT) is the most effective customer satisfaction survey methodology, as it is completely straightforward and it measures customer satisfaction with a business, purchase, or interaction.The score is calculated by asking various questions, for example, How satisfied are you with the latest version of our application? The answers are graded on a scale, from least to the most, and the scale itself can be 1 â€" 3, 1 â€" 5, or 1 â€" 10.HOW IS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SCORE MEASURED?While creating the customer satisfaction survey, you can choose the way you want your customers to grade their experience. We’ll enlist the possible choices.1. Average ScoreThis method is used to calculate the percentage of satisfied customers from the total number of customers. It is applicable to questions like How satisfied you were with the support you got from us? where the answer could be any number on a scale, for example, 1-10.The average score is calculated by dividing the sum of all grad es and a total number of collected answers, all presented in percentages. For example, 5 customers graded their satisfaction with the following grades: 4, 10, 5, 7, 8; so the customer satisfaction score would be: 68%.2. Satisfied vs UnsatisfiedThis method is used for a quick check of a product or a brand, as it is quite simple for customers to fill in. There is no numbered scale, but there are emoticons instead. Their values can vary, but are usually 1-3 or 1-5, covering the following impressions:(Very unsatisfied)UnsatisfiedNeutralSatisfied(Very satisfied)Although this type of survey is quite easier for customers to fill in, it may lack some important information that could be used for further analysis.Therefore, it is strongly recommended to ask customers additional questions on how to make improvements in particular segments when using this method of calculating the customer satisfaction score.3. Star RatingThis method is quite popular and well seen, especially in the hospitality and catering industries, as well as many online businesses.The customers are asked to grade their experience on a scale 1-5, which creates a clear picture of a brand and gives an instant feedback to the company.This method became quite popular and will remain at this firm place, due to the fact that it is also usually visible to other customers, giving them relevant information about the thing of their interest.Taking this into consideration, companies are being very careful when it comes to customer satisfaction and its impact on the business.4. The “Top-2-Box”Another study gives us a different point of view when it comes to calculating the customer satisfaction score.This method takes into consideration only two highest ranked answers and furtherly comes with the percentage of satisfied customers.There are a couple of KPIs (key performing index) that we track while determining our customer satisfaction score. Those are # of satisfied customers as well as # of satisfaction sur vey responses. The formula was created to calculate the average satisfaction score, and it goes:# of satisfied customers / # of satisfaction survey responses x 100% = % of satisfied customersStudies elaborate that the two highest ranked options are the most accurate ones and the best prediction of the future retention rate.PROS AND CONS OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SCOREBefore deciding the way you want to question the customer satisfaction, you should be aware of all the advantages and disadvantages of the customer satisfaction score.ProsFor the starters, the main advantage of this method is the fact that it is quite simple, making it accessible to everyone everywhere, and really easy and short to fill in. People fill it in instinctively, without thinking too much, which boosts the response rate.Another thing that distinguishes customer satisfaction score from other methods is its flexibility when it comes to the grading scale. As mentioned before, you can use various tools, from number s, emoticons, stars etc. It is completely up to you and what you find most fitting for your customers.ConsNothing is perfect, which goes for customer satisfaction score too. When we talk about disadvantages, the most common one is the fact that the grades could be perceived in different manners in different countries. This is especially important for companies who do business on the international market.For example, it has been proven that Americans are more likely to choose extreme grades, such as completely unsatisfied or completely satisfied. On the other hand, people from Japan and some other Asian countries are most likely to choose something in between, for example, satisfied, unsatisfied or neutral, even though they are feeling the same as Americans.This is the thing of a culture and it is not that easy to overcome, especially for big companies that cooperate with many countries. It requires custom-made surveys, which is not that easy to deliver.Therefore, whenever you are an alyzing the customer satisfaction score, you should take into consideration who are your customers, and if they are coming from different backgrounds, make sure you create the common bases for making the conclusions and taking the action.Another thing you should take into consideration is the fact that the result of customer satisfaction score will show you how people feel based on the last touch point they had with you.This might not be a bad thing (if you are doing customer satisfaction surveys regularly, after each interaction and getting a feedback on the last one is your goal), but if you want to collect general impressions, you might wont be able to get objective answers.People often tend to think of themselves, their product, and service or brand all the best relying on customer satisfaction score and not taking into consideration the fact that many unsatisfied od neutral customers do not have any intention of filling in the survey, leaving the satisfaction score high.This ha ppened to many successful companies in the past, and you should definitely check whether this is happening to you, too. Remember, you are not here to take compliments, but to find the truth and get constructive feedback on your work. It is the only way you can improve your business and enable its growth.Everything mentioned above is almost nothing compared to the fact that we don’t know how to explain the satisfaction itself. It is perceived differently by everyone in the world, due to the fact that we all have different standards and different expectations.If we take a look at the definition of the quality, we might get a clearer picture: Quality is the level at which customer’s expectations are fulfilled opening the question on the expectations.The main message from this should be: dont take for granted your customers actual desires and wishes.Make sure you ask appropriate questions in order to get relevant answers. If you really want to be successful, make sure you understand your customers expectations, and then exceed them.WHEN IS THE BEST TIME TO MEASURE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SCORE?Some researchers have defined the customer path and all the process within them.According to them, the best time to measure customer satisfaction score is at each of the phases of the customer path. The phases are the following:Exploring â€" the customer realizes that he or she has the need for something and start searching for the best solutionReferences â€" in order to find the best solution, the customer is looking for all the relevant references that can be found either on the Internet or thankfully to the word of mouth methodPurchase â€" actual purchase processValue delivery â€" the user experience a customer has with the product or service â€" the most important phaseConnection â€" including connection to the particular product or service, but also to the entire brand, due to the fact that the customer was satisfied either with the product/service itself or the way y our company handled all challenges the customer had experiencedBrand advocacy â€" very important phase that helps your business grow; if you’ve done all previous phases correctly (exceeded your customers’ expectations), especially the value delivery, you should have no worries, as your customers will have a natural need to spread a good word about your company products and services. You will get no better confirmation of your customers’ satisfaction than this one, so when you get it, enjoy it completely.These are all the phases within the customer path. The good thing is that you can adjust it to your company, product or a service. Most importantly, you should adjust it to your customers, as they should be in the center of your attention.Never the less important, make sure you do customer satisfaction surveys in all of the above-mentioned phases, but also whenever you are trying an update, releasing a new product, making big changes or just notice that something is not complet ely right and you need some adjustments.If you apply it regularly, you will show your customers that you care, and there is no way for you getting a low customer satisfaction score anymore.HOW TO CREATE A GOOD CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEYSo far you have probably decided to become more customer-centric and all you need to know now is how exactly to become that.Well cover some basics and help you design an outstanding customer survey to gather all the information you need.1. Choose your dictionary carefully.The main goal of the customer satisfaction survey is to realize how satisfied your customers really are with some specific event, action or interaction.For that, you need to ask appropriate questions.That’s when the wording becomes really important.The main characteristics of good questions are:simple and clearadapted to a classical scale format, asking for the source of satisfactionnot complicated to think up and sounds naturaldefinite, you are only asking about the satisfaction , nothing elsecompletely neutral and doesn’t imply an answer directionconcreting the subject of analysis, from the full customer experience to a specific phase or a process, for example, e-mail support that helped create an accountable to be globally comparedAs mentioned previously, you can ask general questions about the entire customer experience, or you can target a specific event, action or interaction. In practical use, it looks like this:“How satisfied are you with our company?” â€" General question“How satisfied are you with your shipping experience?” â€" Specific question2. Choose the most suitable time for your survey.It is most recommended to ask for feedback right after the specific event, action or interaction ended. It’s good to have regular from time to time surveys, but gathering information right after something happens is proven to be most relevant.If you conduct the survey right after the relevant customer experience, you are increasing your chance to g et the most accurate information, as it is still fresh in people’ mind and they can help you the most.There are various ways to do this, such as releasing the questionnaire right after the specific event (end of a call with customer service etc.) or sending a follow-up e-mail to get the information. Both will work, but we still recommend the fastest possible solution which is publishing the survey in the same tab or worksheet the person was on, whilst talking to you or using your product.Dont get us wrong, e-mails are not bad â€" on the contrary they are a very creative method and you can try it, but just bear in mind that not all people will open an e-mail right after the specific event.It can happen hours, days, weeks later and in any business, its quite a lot time, so we believe there are more effective ways to achieve this.3. Set the scale appropriately.It’s important to adjust the scale to your customers, in order for them to be more appealing and easier to fill in.That’s why you should think twice about the choice you are making and the scale you are using.As mentioned previously, it can be various things â€" from numbers to stars and emoticons. There isnt a wrong choice, but if you want to work on your response rate, you should reconsider your decision.CALL TO ACTIONAfter you have gathered all the needed information, it’s time for you to take an action. No customer satisfaction surveys will help you unless you do something with the information you get, in order to improve the CAST.Think about the goals of your company and how related they are to the customer satisfaction score.If you find that many people have challenges or problems with something, and usually it’s the same thing, it’s time for you to find the solution for that bottleneck.Good thing to do after releasing the updated version is to conduct another survey and see if the impression of your customers has changed. Thats how you will know whether you are on the right path or not.CO NCLUSIONLiving in the modern age has got everyone as a customer in the center of attention.All organizations and companies are becoming more and more customer oriented, in order to survive on the market and enable growth.Whether you are looking for a way to do that or you were just interested in seeing how customer satisfaction score works and why is it so relevant, this article probably helped you.At least you know from where to start. Remember its always the customer.

What Is Bootstrapping in Regards to Statistics

Bootstrapping is a statistical technique that falls under the broader heading of resampling.  This technique involves a relatively simple procedure but repeated so many times that it is heavily dependent upon computer calculations.  Bootstrapping provides a method other than confidence intervals to estimate a population parameter. Bootstrapping very much seems to work like magic. Read on to see how it obtains its interesting name. An Explanation of Bootstrapping One goal of inferential statistics is to determine the value of a parameter of a population. It is typically too expensive or even impossible to measure this directly. So we use statistical sampling. We sample a population, measure a statistic of this sample, and then use this statistic to say something about the corresponding parameter of the population. For example, in a chocolate factory, we might want to guarantee that candy bars have a particular mean weight. It’s not feasible to weigh every candy bar that is produced, so we use sampling techniques to randomly choose 100 candy bars. We calculate the mean of these 100 candy bars and say that the population mean falls within a margin of error from what the mean of our sample is. Suppose that a few months later we want to know with greater accuracy -- or less of a margin of error  -- what the mean candy bar weight was on the day that we sampled the production line. We cannot use today’s candy bars, as too many variables have entered the picture (different batches of milk, sugar and cocoa beans, different atmospheric conditions, different employees on the line, etc.). All that we have from the day that we are curious about are the 100 weights. Without a time machine back to that day, it would seem that the initial margin of error is the best that we can hope for. Fortunately, we can use the technique of bootstrapping. In this situation, we randomly sample with replacement from the 100 known weights. We then call this a bootstrap sample. Since we allow for replacement, this bootstrap sample most likely not identical to our initial sample. Some data points may be duplicated, and others data points from the initial 100 may be omitted in a bootstrap sample. With the help of a computer, thousands of bootstrap samples can be constructed in a relatively short time. An Example As mentioned, to truly use bootstrap techniques we need to use a computer. The following numerical example will help to demonstrate how the process works. If we begin with the sample 2, 4, 5, 6, 6, then all of the following are possible bootstrap samples: 2 ,5, 5, 6, 64, 5, 6, 6, 62, 2, 4, 5, 52, 2, 2, 4, 62, 2, 2, 2, 24,6, 6, 6, 6 History of the Technique Bootstrap techniques are relatively new to the field of statistics. The first use was published in a 1979 paper by Bradley Efron. As computing power has increased and becomes less expensive, bootstrap techniques have become more widespread. Why the Name Bootstrapping? The name â€Å"bootstrapping† comes from the phrase, â€Å"To lift himself up by his bootstraps.† This refers to something that is preposterous and impossible. Try as hard as you can, you cannot lift yourself into the air by tugging at pieces of leather on your boots. There is some mathematical theory that justifies bootstrapping techniques. However, the use of bootstrapping does feel like you are doing the impossible. Although it does not seem like you would be able to improve upon the estimate of a population statistic by reusing the same sample over and over again, bootstrapping can, in fact, do this.

Intergenerational Diversity Challenges and Conflicts in...

Intergenerational Diversity Challenges and Conflicts in the Workplace Todays American workforce is unique. Never before has there been a workplace so diverse in so many ways: Race, gender, ethnicity, and generational differences exist to a greater extent than ever before. As the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004) study reported, large corporations could lose between two and four percent bottom line productivity due to generational differences and miscommunication in the workplace. The same study also asserts that billions of dollars are lost each year because corporate leadership has not yet recognized, nor accounted for, the impact of significantly different generational diversity values, attitudes, and†¦show more content†¦They are also more adaptable to the rapid pace at which technology is progressing and changing. This is a result of both formal education and informal cultural and social experiences. For example, the younger generations grew up playing video games and using computers and the internet at home an d school. Such experience and knowledge can in turn lead to salary expectations and differences between workplace generations. This is readily seen in the IT industry. Gomolski notes that its not uncommon to see relatively inexperienced IT professional commanding large salary premiums because they have ‘hot skills, often earning more than individuals with more years of experience (2001). As Clausing (2003) notes, Nexters exceed all other generations in their knowledge of computers and technology. Technology is assimilation for them, whereas for everyone else it is an accommodation (p. 374). Different communications styles and expectations between different generations can also cause conflict in todays generationally diverse workplace and can create a motivational challenge for managers. According to Staff Leader (2004), older generations believe in a positive and direct approach, and they prefer direct orders and a process-oriented approach to communications and problem solvi ng, while younger generations feel they are not being heard, and want to be listened to more. (p. 2-3) Intergenerational Diversity and Synergy Despite theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Eradicating Workplace Discrimination1323 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves to gain competitive advantages to survive. One of the most important advantages is workforce diversity. Because â€Å"A well performing team will create additional value to a company by combining individuals’ strengths and take advantage of synergies that may exist, thereby making the whole greater than the sum of its parts.† (Holtzman p.75). Hence, the requirement of workforce diversity, especially heterogeneity is a must in the twenty first century. The benefits of heterogeneity are unparalleledRead MoreManaging Multiple Generations in the Workplace1075 Words   |  5 PagesManaging Multiple Generations in the Workplace Diversity is no new thing in the workplace. Many different factors account for this circumstance in the business arena. Gender, race and ethnicity, and age are a few of the major factors that create diversity within the workplace. The latter, age, is one of the more understated and disregarded issue of diversity. But over time, differences in age in the workplace has been growing more and more, generating conflicts that could not be ignored any longerRead MoreLeading Intergenerational Teams Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesLeading Intergenerational Teams Workspace demographics now span four generations. A twenty-something hired this year can expect to find that they working with colleagues who are older than they are by fifty or more years. The reason for this is primarily due to labor shortages for trained personnel in many industries. In addition, many older workers are now delaying retirement due for economic or other reasons. Many of the baby boomer generation can now be expected to delay retirement into theirRead MoreGenerational Differences in the Workplace Essay2022 Words   |  9 PagesGenerational Differences in the Workplace Composition II—Eng 102 Generational Differences in the Workplace The workplace of today involves interactions among people from four different generations often causing much conflict for leaders and organizations. Each generation represented has its own set of different values and beliefs. These differences can easily lead to conflicting barriers within the workplace. This can pose a significant problem for those in leadershipRead MoreManaging Millennials Today s Workforce1512 Words   |  7 Pageschange its functioning to adapt to this environment (as cited in Restak, 2003). Having young brains steeped in a technological culture results in the need for constant communication, regular reinforcement, extensive feedback, and large rewards at the workplace (Hewitt and Ukpere (2012), as cited in Naidoo, 2005). Some believe that â€Å"Millennials† have a different perception of work because they have different values. Their characteristic self-absorption sometimes drives a pursuit of work/life balance inRead MoreThe Blending Of The Generational Workforce2875 Words   |  12 PagesWilliams Saginaw Valley State University October 20, 2014 Abstract: The workforce of today incorporates employees from not one but several different generations. With each of these generations, there comes the challenge of being able to manage them effectively in the workplace. Each generation is motivated by different factors and responds differently to management styles. Human resource management of today requires being able to identify the generational differences, managing the generationalRead MoreLanguage, Integration, Education, Mental Health, And Immigration1437 Words   |  6 PagesCHALLENGES: LANGUAGE, ACCULTURATION, EDUCATION, MENTAL HEALTH, AND IMMIGRATION Latinos constitute the single largest minority in this country with a population of over 55 million. There is not, however, a prototypical Latino individual due to that community’s extensive diversity in terms of culture, economics, education, ethnicity, and religion. Latinos and their families must confront numerous challenges. While an assumption might be that immigration would be a prime concern, a majority of LatinosRead MoreGenerational Diversity At The Workplace Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesGenerational Diversity at the Workplace In her article â€Å"The Tethered Generation,† in Society of Human Resources Magazine, writer Kathryn Tyler asserts that people born between 1978 and 1999, also known as the Millennial Generation, would bring challenges to the workplace, attributing early access to technology and a â€Å"perpetual connection to parents† as causes. The article’s central tenet is that through technology, this generation’s â€Å"tethered† relationship with peers and parents has shaped communicationRead MoreGenerational Diversity At The Workplace Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesGenerational Diversity at the Workplace In Kathryn Tyler’s article â€Å"The Tethered Generation,† in Society of Human Resources Magazine, she asserts that people born between 1978 and 1999, also known as the Millennial Generation, would bring challenges to the workplace, attributing early access to technology and a â€Å"perpetual connection to parents† as causes. The article’s central tenet is that through technology, this generation’s â€Å"tethered† relationship with peers and parents has shaped communicationRead MoreGenerational Challenges : Moving Beyond Stereotypes Essay3082 Words   |  13 PagesGenerational Challenges: Moving Beyond Stereotypes to Highly Functioning Teams This is the first time in American history where four generations are in the workplace at the same time. While it is a good problem to have, this situation creates some issues because of generation gaps and stereotypes. As stated by Diana Rigg, â€Å"Maybe at this stage in my career, it’s from that younger generation that I have the most to learn.† If the older generations and the younger generations took this open approach

Should the Right to Assisted Suicide be Legal Free Essays

Persuasive Essay Should terminally ill patients have the right to doctor-assisted seclude? The right to assisted suicide Is an Important topic that concerns people all around the e united States. Debates go back and forth on whether or not a dying patient should continue to suffer or die to relieve all that pain. I think assisted seclude should be legal, because what If the person wants it, what if it makes them shriek from the pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the Right to Assisted Suicide be Legal? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s their body and they c loud do whatever they want to it and we can’t control that. Terminal patients should be given the right to assisted suicide in order to end their suffering and pain, give them an option to De termini their own life and what they want to do with it, and it reduces financial problems of h capital care on their families. First off terminally ill patients have the fight to doctor assisted suicide because it can end their suffering and pain. Imagine being in a hospital for a long time, getting treatments, take inning medicine, and Just feeling like crap. The doctor says you don’t have much time to live, wouldn’t you Just want to end all the pain quicker? This spring, arrear old, Brittany Maynard learned that she had terminal brain cancer. After careful assessment of her prognosis s and ended life choices, she and her family reluctantly decided to move from their San Francisco Bay Area home to Oregon, that authorize death with dignity. How to cite Should the Right to Assisted Suicide be Legal?, Papers

Memory - A ToK Essay free essay sample

‘Memory – like liberty – is a fragile thing’ – Elizabeth Loftus. What does this statement suggest about memory as a way of knowing in the pursuit of ethical knowledge? Loftus suggests that memory, like liberty (i.e. freedom), is something that can easily be manipulated due to its delicate nature. The title assumes that we can recall on past events in order to draw reasonable conclusions surrounding ethical issues. In order to understand the question raised in the title more easily it could be rephrased as follows; ‘Is memory a reliable way of knowing when drawing conclusions based on ethical matters?’. There are weaknesses when looking at only one way of knowing because it prevents us from having a comprehensive understanding of a situation and so can lead to unreliable knowledge claims. In reality we need to evaluate a situation using several ways of knowing before it can be understood completely. In this question we are asked to consider memory, however we are not told whether this is a collective or an individual memory. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory A ToK Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When evaluating ethical issues it would be more useful to look at our collective knowledge because it would give us a better conceptual apparatus and lead to more accurate knowledge claims. This is because when looking at memories from a large group of people you are more likely to get an accurate representation of what actually occurred during an event because you can ‘filter out’ things like false memories (an apparent recollection of an event which did not actually occur). For example, it would be better to use the collective memories of several people when evaluating the ethical issues surrounding WW2. This is because it would be useful to compare the memories of people who had actually experienced the war, for example a solider or prisoner of war, versus those of whom had only heard or read about it, in order to gain a more ‘complete’ understanding of the issues being discussed. However, using memory as a way of knowing can lead to mistakes. Memory is highly susceptible to manipulation and memories can be changed or, in some cases, they can be totally made up (false memory implantation). An example of this would be the ‘Lost In The Mall’ study; subjects were given narratives of events from their childhood, provided by family members. But, one of these narratives was a fictional story of how they got lost in a mall as a child. Because they were told repeatedly in a very convincing manner that these events really did happen, 25% of  participants were able to ‘remember’ the false event, i.e. they believed a delusion. This proves just how easily memories can be influenced and changed, and so makes me believe that using memory alone as a way of knowing is an inadequate method in which to judge ethical issues. This title led me to develop me own knowledge question: ‘Is memory an accurate way of knowing when looking at events of the past?’ The ‘Survival School Interrogation’ study explains clearly why I believe that memory is an inadequate way of knowing when looking at past events. US soldiers were subjected to abusive interrogation techniques and afterwards were asked to identify their interrogator. However, they were asked misleading questions about their interrogator’s appearance (e.g. ‘He was the man with the beard, wasn’t he?’) and so over 50% of the soldiers falsely identified the interrogator (false identification). This is because the soldiers felt subjected to normative conformity. They wanted to fit in with what was being suggested to them by their peers and so, perhaps knowingly, gave the wrong answer. It is conceivable that the soldiers also gave the wrong answers due to the pressure of informational conformity; people of a higher status suggested traits of the interrogator and so they assumed them to be true. These reasons clearly demonstrate how easily and drastically memories can be changed and so, I believe that using memory as the only way of knowing when looking at past events is extremely unreliable, making it an inadequate way of knowing.

Top 7 Cliché Ideas You Should Avoid Including into Your Leadership Essay

Top 7 Clichà © Ideas You Should Avoid Including into Your Leadership Essay Top 7 Clichà © Ideas You Should Avoid Including into Your Leadership Essay Let’s face it: the majority of people hate clichà ©s. Yes, there are some individuals who like them because clichà ©s are their comfort zone. But we doubt that your professor whom you need to write an essay falls under this category. If you wish to avoid stereotypes notions, you need to avoid them not only in your style of writing but at the level of the topic as well. While writing a leadership essay, you need to come up with original ideas. We know it’s hard because this issue has been popular for at least 5000 years, but it’s not impossible. To help you with this â€Å"uphill struggle†, we’ve put down a list of top leadership clichà ©s that you should avoid at all costs. If you follow our advice, you will make your writing more interesting and profound! 1. ThÐ µre Are No Stupid QuÐ µstions Yes, there are. In fact, there are loads of them, and you perfectly understand that. If you want to write a good leadership essay, it’s better to promote the idea that a true leader has to identify and prevent stupid questions. If they still happen, it’s best to highlight and explain why they are silly (of course in the right manner). 2. The CustÐ ¾mer Is Ð lways Right If you have ever worked part-time in a customer support field, you’ll know that it’s not true. For a good leadership, it’s important sometimes to stand the ground of your employee in front of a client. 3. Give It Your Best Shot And what is this supposed to mean? Go and shoot something or somebody? A real leader must explain what expectations he/she has without scattering vague phrases. There are also other word combinations that fall into this category like â€Å"do your best†, â€Å"go above and beyond†, etc. 4. Don’t Bother Me until You Have a Solution This is another clichà © that makes people flinch when they hear something similar from their bosses. If a subordinate comes with a problem to the senior, the latter must sit and puzzle out the issue to understand whether there is a solution in the first place. 5. Think outside the Box And work outside the office. And eat outside the canteen. This is a threadbare motivational phrase that stopped inspiring people years ago. So, why do leaders still use it? 6. Appreciate Every Opinion Someone who is in charge should be able to see valuable opinions and mark them out for others to appreciate. It’s a skill that is hard to hone, and, besides, it’s always easier to say that a true leader must take into account all points of view. 7. Failure Is Not an Option Among many mottos of Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikipedia, there is a phrase â€Å"Fail faster†. He has even a whole theory that failures lead to success and it doesn’t correspond with one of the main leadership clichà ©s. So, do you think you should mention it in your essay? Avoid these stereotypes to prevent your professor from doing a facepalm and add more interesting ideas that really work nowadays. We wish you good luck with that! At company you can pay for essay writing online. Our experts have great writing skills to handle your leadership assignment.

Questioning the Rejection

Questioning the Rejection I wear three hats FundsforWriters editor, freelance writer, and mystery author. With the first, I have the painful privilege of accepting and declining submissions. In my other two roles, Im the recipient of the decision. As the writer/author, Ive been politely declined, unfortunately ignored, laughed at, and derided tongue-in-cheek I reply to every submission, usually with a reason if the piece was unacceptable. Im booked through 2015, so there is no shortage of submissions. When a concept shows serious potential, the submitter receives an invitation to resubmit an edited version. Some do and some dont. Most, however, are eager to try again. Keep in mind Im not your normal editor. Still, however, I have writers who become irate or question my logic. The ones who complain the loudest are those who resubmit and I do not accept the piece. The argument usually sounds something like this: I did what you asked and you still reject it? Ive invested all this time and effort and you still dont want it? How dare you waste my time. Im done. When you submit to a magazine/newsletter/publisher, you are asking that someone on the other end take their time to read your work and hopefully pay you. You are one of many. Ten, a hundred, maybe a thousand others like you will be considered for the same slot. How would you like to spend an entire day going over submissions knowing youre only allowed to pick one or two, and that all those other people will be unhappy with you if you take the time to reply? So, to all my writing friends out there, when you pitch to an editor: First, be happy that you receive a response either way. Its expensive to send rejections to so many people. That effort could easily explode into a full-time position with no hope of return on investment. Yes, it might be mannerly to offer a rejection, but when some rejection recipients get upset over the answer, you might understand why its easier not to reply at all. Second, be happy that the reply included editorial remarks. Someone cared. Third, be ecstatic if the reply leaves the door open to resubmit. Someone is reaching out. Finally, never bite the hand that has the potential to feed you. If you are rejected after all that back and forth, chill. The person on the other side took time with you. This is an opportunity for you, even if you are rejected. Get mad and theyll never consider future pieces. Yes, most of them will remember. Ill bet it never crossed your mind that you ought to be paid less because someone had to edit your work two or three times, either. That publication couldve even taken a loss buying the piece, when you look at the hourly pay of that editor. Be positive. Be proactive. Be thankful. Be nice. Trust me, it all comes around.

Impact of social media on marketing Dissertation

Impact of social media on marketing - Dissertation Example Despite these shifts, it is not known to what extent social media has impacted marketing as a function. There appears to be a gap between marketers’ claim and consumer expectations. Thus, with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of social media on marketing, three objectives were set for the study. After extensive literature review, qualitative primary data was gathered through questionnaire survey administered through the Internet. All three objectives of the study have been achieved. Social media has transformed the marketing process; it has transformed the way people interact and communicate. Social media has been able to leverage relationships, enhance communication and interactions between marketers and consumers. User-generated content has become a powerful source of information and has affected how marketers influence consumers. Customer engagement on the social media has made this function dynamic. This has brought a shift in consumer attitude and behavior as consumers rely on user-generated content to make their purchase decisions. Consumers think positively about companies that have their own web space and blog, and about those companies that are alert and responsive to consumer posts. Based on consumer perceptions, two main attributes that could enhance social media marketing have been identified. These include transparency in information thereby leading to trust, and making the advertisements more personal and carrying an emotional appeal. Marketers need to recognize that social media marketing cannot be a standalone strategy as consumers seek a seamless experience across all channels. The study concludes that social media has definitely changed the way marketers present their brand and communicate with consumers but the scope and potential of social media in the marketing function has yet to be exploited. Recommendations for further study on the subject have been made. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for Research 2 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 4 1.4 Scope of the Study 4 1.5 Structure of the Study 4 Chapter II Literature Review 6 2.1 Chapter Overview 6 2.2 Definition and concept of social media 6 2.3 Social Media Platforms 7 2.3.1 Social networking sites 8 2.3.2 Blogs 8 2.3.3 Twitter - microblogging 9 2.3.4 Video Sharing 9 2.3.5 Photo Sharing 10 2.4 Social media and marketing 10 2.5 Impact of social media on marketing 15 2.6 Changes in purchase behavior 17 2.7 Consumer benefits through social media 18 2.8 Customer Expectations on social media 19 2.9 Chapter Summary 20 Chapter III Methodology 22 3.1 Chapter Overview 22 3.2 Research Philosophy 22 3.3 Research Approach 22 3.4 Data Collection Method 23 3.5 Data Analysis 24 3.6 Limitations of the Study 25 3.7 Ethical Considerations 25 3.8 Chapter Summary 26 Chapter IV Findings 27 4.1 Overview 27 4.2 Findings 27 4.3 Chapter Summary 32 Chapter V Discussions 33 5.1 Chapter Overview 33 5.2 Effects of social media on Marketing 33 5.3 C hanges in consumer behavior 35 5.4 Attributes that could enhance social media marketing 37 5.5 Chapter Summary 40 Chapter VI Conclusion and Recommendations 41 6.1 Conclusion 41 6.2 Recommendations for further research 43 References 45 Appendix A 48 Figures & Charts Figure 2.1 Social Media Triangle 7 Figure 2.2 Traditional Marketing 11 Figure 2.3 Social Media Marketing 12 Chart 2.1 Why consumers share their experiences? 19 Chart 4.1 User-Generated Content in Purchase Decision 28 Chart 4.2 Consumers’ Impression of Responsiveness 29 Chart 4.3 Consumer Awareness of Social Media 30 Chart 4.4 Consumer Suggestions Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background The function of marketing has evolved from being a one-way

Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Homework - Coursework Example They were silver backers. On the other hand, the supporters of gold argued that gold entailed only honest money. The fight for free silver led to political realignment giving birth to the Greenback Labor Party, a coalition of farmers and urban wage workers. In 1878, fourteen members of the party were elected to the congress. The congress ratified the Silver purchase Act, which demanded that the government purchases silver and issue certificates. The silver fight divided the country under President Grover Cleveland in 1890. Voters of the late 19th century were highly partisan and participated passionately in elections than today. There were high voter turnout and party loyalty. High turnout can be attributed to the rewards that were given to party supporters and loyalist in terms of state jobs. The electorates are seemingly more apathetic today because they feel that their votes are of less importance and have no direct influence on political outcomes. After elections, politicians act on their own ways contrary to what the electorates may desire, which makes electorates to become less interested in the election process

Slavery position with writers :: essays research papers

The issue of slavery in the nineteenth century produced an overwhelming issue in society. There were some writers that favored slavery and then there were some that did not favor slavery. In favor of slavery were William Gillmore Simms, and Caroline Hentz. Those opposed to slavery were Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry David Thoreau, and Herman Melville. All of these writers presented their views of slavery in the their literary works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Simms was a supporter of slavery and this evident in his novel, â€Å"Woodcraft.† This novel takes place in the south during the closing of the Revolutionary War. Simms was born in Charleston, South Carolina, so he was raised on the souths’ position of pro-slavery. In Simms novel Woodcraft, he states, â€Å" Exhaustion not wisdom, or a better state of feeling, was the secret of the peace which was finally concluded between the two nations (America and Great Britain), and of which, South Carolina, and Charleston in particular, was eagerly expecting the benefits. (Simms 35) Great Britain had spent most of the Revolutionary War occupying Charleston and the soldiers would stay at the peoples’ home with out the homeowners consent. This angered many townspeople in Charleston and many other townspeople throughout the south. Since the war was coming to an end the people of Charleston could have their city and homes again. Also meaning plantat ion owners and slaver owners could resume back to their work of the land, which was the major source of economy in the south. During the Revolutionary War, Great Britain was re-stealing the slaves of slave owners in the south. In â€Å"Woodcraft,† it is stated, â€Å" South Carolina had already lost twenty-five thousand slaves, which British philanthropy had transferred from the rice-fields of Carolina to the sugar estates of the West India Islands; and there were yet other thousands waiting to be similarly transported.† (Simms 35,36) Great Britain was taking slaves from America to use for their sugar estates. Many slave owners were very angry with the British for this, but in hindsight the slave owners had done the same thing when they would take slaves from their families or would split slaves families up. Carolina Hentz was also a supporter of slavery. She believed that the slaves were treated well and that they were best suited as slaves. Hentz uses examples in her novel, â€Å"The Planter’s Northern Bride,† as to how well treated slaves were.

My Last Words Essay

I have not but my word and my able body. I am not a saint and sure as hell I have sinned, but I try to live true and within my means. Someone once told me that thoughts and feelings should be recorded by way of venting out my demons and exorcising my troubles away, not sure I fully understand how this works, but well I have some exorcising to do so here goes. Living with guilt is a terrible thing for any man. But when that guilt gets you all fired up inside and makes the nights restless, sleep lasts only an hour or two and that image of what you have done wrong is burning right behind the eyes, lets just say id turn to god if I only believed he would listen. You see I killed a man not through choice, if truth be told through lack of any other way I could see before me. I curse the day his Aunt Clara asked me to see him through. Lenny small, biggest damn guy I ever seen, Strongest too, but god played an awful trick and made him as dumb as hell, had the mind of an infant before the child learns what is right and what is wrong. A man like that is innocent of any crime he may commit due simply to the frailty of his mind. Those guys would have strung him up and tortured him. Lenny did not deserve to see it coming. Lenny broke the neck of the bosses daughter in law, least she would have been if she would of lived that long. She had no business being in that stable. As for Lenny the dumb bastard, just got to touch anything he finds pretty. It is my guess he was handling her too hard, scared her and to stop her from screaming out would of put his hand over her head and boom, she’s dead. His intentions were not evil but his act was. I prayed he would remember to meet me in the brush, my guilt for killing him is nothing compared to the guilt I would have had to endure watching him suffer at another mans hand. Just like old Candy and his dog, it was my job to put him down. Not that it makes it any the easier to live with I think this is the most I have been able to concentrate in the month since it happened. Can’t eat, can’t sleep, I just see his sorry ass lying on the floor dreaming of our very own plot of land. Truth is without Lenny I am nothing I have nothing, he was my friend and I killed him, doesn’t seem right I can draw my next breath. Boss damn near threw me off the ranch himself that day and swore id never â€Å"work a ranch in this country again†. To be honest life just isn’t the same without Lenny beside me. I think its time to meet my maker. Draw your own conclusions and treat this as you will. Beside this note is fifty bucks for my headstone, which I would like to read â€Å"here lies George Milton Who Loved His Friend† I apologise to whom ever finds my body, but know I can not take his torment and pain or this heinous world anymore. I only hope purgatory will eventually allow me peace.

Research Proposal on Environmental Engineering Program at...

Introduction The study will seek to find out the possibility of introducing an environmental engineering program at Laurentian University. The issue of environment is one that has become very important for human beings and as such, more knowledge is needed to come up with positive solutions for all. The Laurentian University has a track record in producing engineers who are highly reputable and as such it is well placed to offer these courses to students. An environmental engineering program will combine all the divisions of science, which can make a difference in people’s daily lives. This program will be able to help the students who attend to acquire knowledge, which can assist them come up with workable solutions to the most†¦show more content†¦This will help students to find the best and possible ways through which they can come up with solutions that are workable and practical. It is intended that the course will help students to carry out research on how to manage several environmental projects and how to perform the necessary controls on various aspects of environmental management (Harbold 74). The program will make it easy for these students to get more knowledge on how to reduce air and water pollution, and make them aware of the benefits of recycling. Waste management is one of the key areas that the environmental engineering course will seek to cover because this has become a very critical issue in many cities worldwide. Therefore, the program will show the students the best methods through which waste can be managed and the benefits that can be felt by the society as a result of proper management of this waste. Properly trained environmental engineers can offer quality advice to people within the society on the best waste management practices they can use (Harbold 78). The issue of recycling is one that has gained a lot of importance especially in the area of waste management. Some of the materials that are disposed off as waste cannot decay naturally and they require recycling or other forms of disposal that do not endanger the environment. Waste that contains plastic s, lead or mercury components are high contaminants that need to be recycled instead of being disposed off in

The Psychodynamic And Humanistic Perspective - 1640 Words

Personality is a â€Å"pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistently and individuality to a person’s behaviour† (Feist, pg. 4). The two perspectives we will be exploring are the psychodynamic and the humanistic perspective. The psychodynamic theory; influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud; stresses that our unconscious mind plays a major part in an individual’s personality, whereas, the humanistic theory; influenced by the work of Abraham Maslow; focuses on free will and experience in the development of personality. I chose these two theories because they both have contradicting explanations of what they believe personality is and I wanted to explore their ideas and beliefs. When analysing the Psychodynamic perspective we can argue that it emphasises on the individual’s unconscious psychological processes in determining their day to day thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Freud believed the mind was mostly hidden and based his theory on three assumptions; personality is down to human experience, human functioning and the foundation of personality. Human experience explores the idea that our mind takes place on three levels of consciousness; the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. The conscious refers to the only level of mental life available to us which we are aware of such as, our memory, feelings and sensations. The preconscious signifies the experiences that are not currently conscious but can become so, forShow MoreRelatedPsychodynamic approach: the basics1202 Words   |  5 Pagesare; Psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach. I will discuss these 2 psychological theories of development and explain how it accounts for t he psychological development, health and behaviour of the individual. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was considered the founding father of the psychodynamic approach. Psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs, Sigmund Freud proposed a psychodynamic theoryRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder ( Mdd )1363 Words   |  6 Pagesas bereavement. The levels of severity are mild, moderate and severe. Different treatments may be used for Major Depressive Disorder. The three most commonly used perspectives are cognitive-behavioral, humanistic and psychodynamic; although the most commonly used is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Cognitive-behavioral perspective can be used alone or with medication to treat depression. At the origin of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, it is assumed that an individual’s mood is directly relatedRead MoreDifferent Types Of Theoretical Orientations1612 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of theoretical orientations that a student may choose to identify him or herself with. Although students may choose a specific theoretical orientation they may change their orientation later on in their academic career depending on their perspective of the field. Each orientation is equal, neither orientation is better than the other. Just because a person picks a certain orientation doesn’t mean that their psychological assessment will be any longer or shorter. Its important that a studentRead MorePsychodynamic And Humanistic Theories Of Psychology1634 Words   |  7 PagesPsychodynamic and Humanistic Personality Theories The study of the human mind is an interesting topic to discuss about, we have many theorists that have come up with many different ideas or theories, in how to evaluate the mind of humans, two main ways to study the mind in psychology are psychodynamic approach and humanistic approach. Even though these theories are to evaluate human minds they have different views in how the mind works. In psychodynamic approach, the way the mind is viewed is thatRead MorePerspectives of Psychology1141 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Psychology Psychology can be defined as the systematic study of mental processes, couple with behaviors, and experiences (Kalat, 2011). There are many ways in examining, mental processes and behaviors among people, and therefore psychologist uses different perspectives to understand how human beings, think, act, and behave. Some psychologist uses one perspective to analyze behaviors, and other uses a multidimensional approach. Carter Seifert (2013) identified 7 major perspectivesRead MorePersonalities Theories Paper785 Words   |  4 Pagestheorized several understandings of a human beings character from a humanistic and psychodynamic perspective. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist, developed the psychodynamic theory which is derived from psychoanalysis. This theory is based on several key factors of personality. Freud used this technique in his study of mental disorders while observing his patients. According to Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, psychodynamic is the theory and systematic study of the psychological forces thatRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MoreTheories Of Pe rsonality : Psychodynamic, Trait Or Five Factor Model, Humanistic, And Social Cognitive974 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality: psychodynamic, trait or five-factor model, humanistic, and social-cognitive. The psychodynamic theory primarily focuses on the role of the unconscious mind. The social cognitive theory focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior and is based on theories of learning. Whereas, the humanistic theory emphasizes conscious life experiences and choices. The trait or five-factor model focuses on characteristics themselves and not the roots of personality. To begin, the psychodynamic theoryRead MorePersonality, Cognitive, And Humanistic Perspectives Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesfive basic dimensions extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience. (Soto, J. C, Jackson J. J. 2013). However to get a more in depth understanding of personality the psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives are good to look at. The psychodynamic perspective was developed by the 20th century’s most influential and controversial psychologists Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud was one of the first psychologists to discuss the unconscious mind and its role in behaviourRead MoreFour Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology1803 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many approaches to clinical psychology; the four major approaches are in psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems. Using the four major approaches contributes to the effectiveness in treatment by identifying the goals of each approach. The paper will break down the approaches, goals, techniques, and the overall approaches used. Philosophical Origins of Clinical Psychology ApproachesAs Thomas Plante (2005) cleverly suggested, clinical psychology is both a science

Fetal Brain Development and the Preterm Infant - 1554 Words

FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND THE PRETERM INFANT 2 NORMAL FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT Embryonic brain development begins a few weeks after conception through the processes known as gastrulation and neurulation (Gilbert, 2000). During gastrulation the embryo changes from a simple group of cells to a multi-layered organism. Three germ layers are formed during this process: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm (Gilbert, 2000). The endoderm is the most inner layer and forms the lining of internal organs. The mesoderm is the middle layer which forms the skeletal, muscle, and circulatory systems. The ectoderm is the outer most layer which forms the skin, brain and nervous system. During the process of neurulation the ectoderm, the outermost germ layer, goes through a thickening process which in turn forms the neural plate. With changes in cell attachment and shape, the plate beings to rise and fold eventually with both sides meeting in the middle creating a tube (Gilbert, 2000). This tube pulls away from the ectoderm forming what is termed as the neural tube. â€Å"By 27 days, the tube is fully closed and has already begun its transformation into the brain and spinal cord of the embryo† (Zero to three). Failure of the neural tube to close can result in the cerebral cortex not being able to be formed or in spina bifida. Cells called neural progenitor cells, which formed and differentiated in the ectoderm during gastrulation, begin forming the brain, hind brain and the spinalShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Depression During Pregnancy On Children Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities decrease and are less responsive to stimulants. Due to stress hormones, the fetuses have low birth weight and are at a higher risk of preterm delivery. Prenatal depression has been noted to be able to predict the likelihood of postpartum depression from hormones such as low dopamine. Depression during pregnancy negatively affects the development of offspring. 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Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12 Free Essays

string(34) " near to the most probable speed\." Supplementary Textual Material in Chemistry for Class XI Class XII 1 Acknowledgements CBSE ADVISORS Shri Vineet Joshi, I. A. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Chairman, CBSE Shri Shashi Bhushan, Director (Acad. ), CBSE CONVENOR EDITOR Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. DEVELOPMENT TEAM Prof. A. K. Bakhshi Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. Dr. Anju Srivastava Hindu College, University of Delhi. Dr. Vimal Rarh S. G. T. B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi. Dr. Geetika Bhalla Hindu College, University of Delhi. Ms. Anupama Sharma Modern School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. MEMBER COORDINATOR Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer, CBSE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Class XI Unit 5 : States of Matter 5. 7. 1 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds 5. 7. 2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1. Second Law of Thermodynamics 6. 8. Third Law of Thermodynamics Unit 7 : Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH of Buffer Solutions Class XII Unit 16 : Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1 Antioxidants 3 Unit 5: States of Matter 5. 7. 1 KINETIC ENERGY AND MOLECULAR SPEEDS As you have studied in the previous section the molecules of a gas are always in motion and are colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Due to these collisions the speeds and the kinetic energies of the individual molecules keep on changing. However at a given temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules remains constant. If at a given temperature, n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. Then, the total kinetic energy (EK) of the gas at this temperature is given by where m is the mass of the molecule. The corresponding average kinetic energy ( If the following term Then the average kinetic energy is given by where c is given by 4 ) of the gas will be This ‘c’ is known as root-mean-square speed. As the name implies, to calculate c, first take the squares of the individual speeds, then their mean and finally the square root of the mean. It can be shown that c is related to temperature by The average kinetic energy depends only on absolute temperature and is related to absolute temperature by the expression where k = Boltzmann constant = 1. 38 x 10-23 J K-1 In the case of gases, one also talks of two other speeds, namely, average speed and most-probable speed. The average speed ( ) at a given temperature is the arithmetic mean of the speeds of different molecules of the gas. . e, where n1 molecules have speed v1, n2 molecules have speed v2, n3 molecules have speed v3, and so on. The relationship between average speed and temperature T is given by The most probable speed ( ) of a gas at a given temperature is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules at that temperature. Unlike average speed and root mean sq uare speed, the most probable speed cannot be expressed in terms of the individual molecular speeds. The most probable speed ( ) is related to absolute temperature (T) by the expression 5 Relationship between different types of molecular speeds The three types of molecular speeds, namely, most probable speed ( ), average speed ( ) and root mean square speed (c) of a gas at a given temperature are related to each other as follows: For a particular gas, at a particular temperature, It follows from the above relationships that Example: Calculate the root mean square, average and most probable speeds of oxygen molecules at 27 oC. Solution: Given data: Molar mass of oxygen, M = 32 g mol-1 = 0. 032 kg mol-1 Temperature, t = 27 oC T = (27 + 273) K = 300 K 6 Expressions to be used: Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, Actual calculations Root mean square speed, Average speed, Most probable speed, 5. 7. 2 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS The speeds of the individual molecules of a gas do not remain constant. They keep on changing due to inter molecular collisions and due to collisions with the walls of the container. However, at a given temperature, the distribution of molecular speeds remains constant. This distribution of molecular speeds is given by Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law. 7 For a given gas, at a given temperature, the distribution curve of molecular speeds is shown in Figure 5. 7. 1 Figure 5. 7. 1. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve You can see from the distribution curve that it is the plot of molecular speed vs the fraction of molecules. The important features of this distribution curve are: (i) The fraction of molecules having too low or too high speeds is very small. (ii) There is a certain speed for which the fraction of molecules is maximum. This speed is known as most probable speed. (iii) The most probable speed of a gas, is the speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules of the gas at a given temperature and it corresponds to the peak of the curve. Since the most probable speed ( xpression ) is related to absolute temperature T by the It means that at the same temperature, lighter gases shall move faster than heavier gases as is evident from the distribution curves of chlorine and nitrogen gases in Figure 5. 7. 2. 8 Figure 5. 7. 2. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for chlorine and nitrogen gases at 300K Effect of temperature In Figure 5. 7. 3. are given t he Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves of a gas at three different temperatures T1, T2 and T3 such that T1gt;T2gt;T3. Figure 5. 7. 3. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curves for a gas at three different temperatures 9 It can be seen from these distribution curves that as the temperature increases 1. The entire curve shifts towards right. 2. The most probable speed increases. 3. The fraction of molecules having most probable speed decreases. 4. The curve becomes broader in the middle range indicating that more molecules have speeds near to the most probable speed. You read "Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12" in category "Papers" 5. The fraction of molecules having higher speeds increases. 6. The fraction of molecules having lower speed decreases. It may be noted that the total area under each of the curves remains the same as the sum of fractions of molecules remains unaltered on changing the temperature. 0 EXERCISE 1. Calculate (i) root mean square speed (ii) average speed and (iii) most probable speed of CO2 molecules at 700 K . 2. A sample of a gas contains 15 molecules with a speed of 3 m s-1, 25 molecules with a speed of 5 m s-1 and 30 molecules with a speed of 8 m s-1. Calculate root mean sq uare speed of these molecules. 3. Calculate the temperature at which the average speed of oxygen equals that of hydrogen at 20 K. 4. Calculate the temperatures at which the root mean square speed, average speed and the most probable speed of oxygen gas are all equal to 1500 m s-1. Answers 1. i. 629. 92, m s-1 ii. 80. 50 m s-1 iii. 514. 33 m s-1 2. 6. 187 m s-1 3. 320 K 4. T for root mean square speed= 2886 K, T for the average speed = 3399 K, T for most probable speed = 4330 K 11 12 Unit 6 : Thermodynamics 6. 6. 1 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS You have already studied in the previous sections that the first law of thermodynamics deals only with the law of conservation of energy and it gives no information about the criteria for feasibility of a given physical or chemical process. This law is always obeyed whether a given process occurs on its own or is made to occur with the help of an external agency. In any case the first law is valid in both the forward and reverse direction of the process. You have also learnt about the concept of entropy which is a measure of the randomness or the disorder in a system. This concept helps in explaining the spontaneity of the irreversible processes. For an irreversible process, the entropy of the system and surroundings taken together i. e. of the universe increases, while for a process at equilibrium it remains constant. This conclusion is of great importance as it helps us to predict whether a given process can take place spontaneously or not. Since all processes in nature occur spontaneously i. e. irreversibly, it follows that the entropy of the universe is increasing continuously. This important statement i. e. â€Å"in any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe (system and surroundings) always increases† is also known as the second law of thermodynamics. ?SUniverse = ? Ssystem + ? Ssurroundings Specifically it means that If ? SUniverse gt; 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? SUniverse lt; 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ? SUniverse = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium Since chemists are generally more interested in the system (reaction mixture) than the surroundings, it is therefore more convenient to restate the second law in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the system, without regard to the surroundings. As already described in the previous section, this is possible through the Gibbs free energy G which for a system is defined as G = H – TS. In terms of this thermodynamic property, the second law of thermodynamics can be restated as in any spontaneous process at 13 constant temperature and pressure, the free energy of the system (? Gsystem) always decreases. According to this definition If ? Gsystem lt; 0, the reaction is spontaneous If ? Gsystem gt; 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous If ?Gsystem = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium 6. 8. THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with determination of entropy. It states that a substance which is perfectly crystalline at absolute zero of temperature has an entropy of zero. In a perfect crystal at absolute zero of temperature, each constituent of the crystal (atom, molecule or ion) is at the proper crystal lattice site and it therefore has the lowest energy. This means that this particular state is of perfect order, i. e, has zero disorder and hence zero entropy. Using zero value of entropy at absolute zero for a perfectly crystalline substance as the reference point (initial state), one can calculate absolute value of entropy of the substance in any state (solid, liquid or gas) at any temperature by calculating ? S for the process/es in going from the initial state to the state of the substance for which entropy is to be calculated. However there are certain substances which possess certain entropy even at absolute zero. This entropy is known as residual entropy. The origin of residual entropy can be explained on the basis of the disorder which remains at absolute zero in certain crystals composed of AB types of molecules where A and B are similar atoms (as in CO). In such substances, there is a very little energy difference between â€Å"†¦AB AB AB†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å".. †¦AB BA BA AB†¦.. † and other arrangements so that the molecules adopt the orientations AB and BA at random in the solid. This gives rise to some disorder, also known as frozen disorder, and consequently residual entropy. For example in case of CO, the measured residual entropy is 5 J K-1 mol-1 which is close to the value expected for a random structure Figure 1 (B) of the form â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦CO CO OC CO CO OC OC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . 14 Figure 1. Alternative molecular arrangements for CO (A) Perfect crystal (B) Actual crystal EXERCISE 1. State Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2. Write the conditions in terms of ? H and ? S when a reaction would be always spontaneous. 3. When ? H gt; 0 and ? S lt; 0, a reaction is never spontaneous. Explain. 4. Comment on the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature and pressure in the following cases i) ? H lt; 0 and ? S gt; 0 (ii) ? H gt; 0 and ? S lt; 0 (iii) ? H lt; 0 and ? S lt; 0 (iv) ? H gt; 0 and ? S gt; 0 5. State third law of thermodynamics. 6. Explain the term residual entropy. 15 Unit 7: Equilibrium 7. 12. 1 pH OF BUFFER SOLUTIONS : HENDERSON – HASSELBALCH EQUATION As you have already learnt in the previous section a buffer solution is a soluti on which resists change in its pH on the addition of small amount of acid or a base. Most of the important buffer solutions generally consist of mixtures of weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. These buffer solutions are known as acidic buffers and basic buffers respectively. If the pH of the buffer solution is less than 7, it is called an acidic buffer and if the pH of the buffer solution is greater than 7 it is called a basic buffer. Examples of some acidic and basic buffers are as given below Acidic buffer Basic buffer 1) Acetic acid and sodium acetate 1) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride 2) Formic acid and sodium formate 2) Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate pH of an acidic buffer A very common example of an acidic buffer is a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Acetic acid, being a weak acid, is very slightly dissociated, while sodium acetate being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains acetic acid molecules as well acetate ions and sodium ions. At equilibrium: CH3COOH(aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get 16 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 39) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 40) It may be noted that the concentration of the acetate ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because the acetate ions coming from fully dissociated salt (here sodium acetate) suppress the ionization of the weak acid (acetic acid). This equation (7. 0) is called Henderson- Hasselbalch equation. According to this equation, the pH of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt depends on the pKa of the acid, and the concentrations of the salt and acid in the mixture. If concentration of the sa lt is equal to that of the acid, then Buffer action of Acidic buffer The buffer action of an acidic buffer consisting of a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate can be explained in the following way. If we add small amount of HCl to the buffer solution it will ionise to give H+ ions. These combine with CH3COO- ions to form weakly ionized acetic acid. CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) ? CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) Since H+ ions get neutralised by CH3COO- ions, there will be no change in pH. On the other hand, if we add a few drops of NaOH to the buffer solution, it provides OH- ions which are neutralized by the acetic acid present in the mixture. 17 OH-(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ? CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) Therefore the pH of the solution remains unchanged. pH of a Basic Buffer A very common example of a basic buffer is a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride. Ammonium hydroxide being a weak base is very slightly dissociated, while ammonium chloride being a salt is completely dissociated. The mixture thus contains ammonium hydroxide molecules as well as ammonium ions and chloride ions. At equilibrium, NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Taking the negative logarithm on both the sides, we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 41) In general, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(7. 42) 18 It may be noted that the concentration of the ammonium ions is taken to be almost equal to the concentration of the salt because ammonium ions coming from the fully dissociated salt (here ammonium chloride) suppress the ionization of the weak base ammonium hydroxide. This equation (7. 42) is called Henderson- Hasselblach equation. Further, pH can be calculated easily from pOH using Hence, It may be noted that pKa + pKb = 14 Buffer action of basic buffer The buffer action of a basic buffer consisting of a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride can be explained in the following way. If a few drops of HCl are added to the buffer solution, it will ionise to give H+ ion which will combine with OH- ions to form H2O. H+(aq) + OH- (aq) ? H2O(l) Therefore, the addition of HCl will not change the pH. On the other hand, when a few drops of NaOH solution are added to the buffer solution, it would give OH- ions. These OH- ions combine with NH4+ ions present in the solution to form NH4OH, which is only slightly ionised. OH-(aq) + NH4+ (aq) ? NH4OH(aq) Hence, the addition of a base also will not change the pH. 19 EXERCISE 1. A certain buffer is made by mixing sodium formate and formic acid in water. With the help of equations explain how this buffer neutralizes addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 2. A basic buffer is made by mixing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate in water. Explain how this buffer resists change in its pH on addition of a small amount of an acid or a base. 3. What would be the pH of a solution obtained by mixing 10 g of acetic acid and 15 g of sodium acetate and making the volume equal to 1 L. Dissociation constant of acetic acid at 25oC is 1. 75 x 10-5. 4. A buffer solution contains 0. 40 mol of ammonium hydroxide and 0. 50 mol of ammonium chloride to make a buffer solution of 1 L. Calculate the pH of the resulting buffer solution. Dissociation constant of ammonium hydroxide at 25oC is 1. 81 x 10-5. Answers 3. pH = 4. 80 4. 9. 161 20 Class XII Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life 16. 4. 2. 1. ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are one of the important and necessary food additives. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on food thus reducing its speed of decomposition by oxidation. Hence they help in the preservation of food. These act as sacrificial materials, i. e. these are more reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting. They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process. Examples: The two most familiar antioxidants used are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (Figure 1). These phenolic compounds are added to preserve fats in packaged food. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT rather than oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. The addition of BHA to butter increases its storage life from months to years. Sometimes, BHT and BHA are added in combination with citric or ascorbic acids to produce a more active synergetic effect. Figure 1: Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Sulphur dioxide and sulphites ( such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite and sodium metabisulphite) are useful antioxidants for wine and beers, sugars syrups and cut, peeled or dried fruits and vegetables. They prevent or reduce their discoloration. 21 EXERCISE 1. Name one antioxidant commonly used to increase the storage life of butter. 2. Name one antioxidant used in wine and beers. 22a How to cite Cbse Chemistry Notes for 11 and 12, Papers